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BETTESWORTHConstruction
Big U

New York City’s Flood Resilience Plan: How Berms, Floodwalls, Pumps, and Parks Fit Together

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New York’s most useful flood-resilience ideas treat protection and public space as one project. Berms and floodwalls would hold back storm surge, pumps would clear water that gets past or falls inside the protected edge, and elevated parks would provide space for paths, recreation, and emergency access. The closest documented match for the headline is BIG’s Big U, a Lower Manhattan concept developed for HUD’s Rebuild by Design competition—not a confirmed description of a completed regional system.

The historical accounts are historical. They explain the design intent and the locations discussed at the time, but they do not establish today’s construction status, pump specifications, flood-risk forecast, or the amount of flooding any finished project prevents.

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What the “Big U” proposal was designed to do

A Building Design + Construction account published April 29, 2014 described the Big U as a design under consideration in the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Rebuild by Design competition. Its mapped concept ran from West 57th Street south to the Battery and north to East 42nd Street. That geography identifies a Lower Manhattan and Midtown shoreline strategy, not a single barrier around the entire New York metropolitan area.

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An American Institute of Architects project description later characterized the concept as a 10-mile protective ribbon around Lower Manhattan. The two descriptions use different ways of measuring and framing the proposal, so they should not be treated as a precise current map. Both point to the same central idea: break a long, exposed waterfront into places that can be protected, occupied, and maintained as distinct civic spaces.

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Three autonomous protection zones

The 2014 account divided the shoreline into three autonomous zones. Separate zones could be designed and built independently, allowing work to proceed in stages rather than requiring one uninterrupted construction project. The arrangement also limits the consequences of a failure: damage or a problem in one zone would not automatically disable every other section.

“Autonomous” does not mean isolated from city systems. Streets, transit, utilities, drainage, emergency routes, and park operations still have to connect across zone boundaries. It means the flood-protection elements have their own functional boundaries and can be managed as separate projects.

Why parks are part of the flood strategy

Traditional flood defenses can consume valuable waterfront land while offering little benefit on ordinary days. The Big U concept attempted to reverse that trade-off by making protective landforms and walls usable as public amenities.

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Raised ground could operate as parkland, with the elevation itself providing a flood-defense function. Floodwalls located beneath or alongside FDR Drive could be raised when protection was needed and, in their normal position, help form sheltered public areas. The resulting spaces were intended to support everyday civic life rather than remain empty infrastructure reserves.

Jeremy Siegel, identified as the project leader in the 2014 BDC account, explained the design logic in an interview with FastCompany: “If you’re going to be investing so much money into an infrastructure for resiliency—that’s going to be sitting along one of the most spectacular coastlines in the world—there’s a huge opportunity there to also improve civic infrastructure, so it can protect the city, but also become a platform for civic life.”

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That approach produces several practical benefits:

  • Space efficiency: A berm, raised path, or wall can do protective work while also providing circulation, seating, planting, or recreation.
  • Daily visibility: People use and observe the infrastructure regularly, making damage, blocked drains, or maintenance problems easier to spot.
  • Continuity during emergencies: A well-planned park can preserve routes for pedestrians, responders, and utility access when adjacent streets are disrupted.
  • Public acceptance: Waterfront protection is easier to support when residents receive a useful public landscape rather than a blank concrete edge.

How the protective pieces fit together

Berms and raised land

A berm is an elevated strip of soil, fill, or engineered landscape. In a flood-resilience project, its height, slope, foundations, drainage, and connections to streets determine whether it acts as a continuous barrier or merely a high point that water can flow around. The Big U concept used raised land for both protection and park space.

The Battery Berm is one named component in the AIA description. It was presented as an elevated path that would protect the Financial District and critical transportation infrastructure while giving people a way to move through the waterfront. The description establishes the dual purpose, but it does not provide a current elevation, structural section, construction date, or verified performance level.

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Floodwalls and deployable elements

The concept also included floodwalls beneath FDR Drive. A wall that remains low or folded during normal conditions preserves sightlines and public use; it can be raised when a surge is expected. Such a system requires reliable hinges or lifting equipment, clear operating procedures, warning time, inspection access, and a plan for vehicles, pedestrians, utilities, and drainage at every opening.

Deployable walls are not self-sufficient. If an opening is missed, a gate cannot close, or a connected street slopes down behind the wall, water can bypass the protected edge. The autonomous-zone approach is intended to make those interfaces manageable, but the 2014 account and AIA description do not document the final gate count, closure time, or maintenance regime.

What pumps would do

Pumps address water that barriers cannot simply hold outside. Heavy rain can fall inside a protected zone, groundwater can seep through joints, and waves can overtop or splash past a defense. In those situations, drainage inlets, storage areas, backflow controls, and pumps move water toward an outfall or treatment system.

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The cited accounts do not identify project-specific pump capacities, locations, elevations, fuel supplies, backup generators, or control systems. It would therefore be inaccurate to claim that a particular pump network can remove a stated volume of water or keep a named neighborhood dry. In a complete design, engineers would have to size pumps for rainfall, seepage, inflow through openings, and the condition of the receiving sewer or waterway. Electrical redundancy and access for maintenance are as important as the pump motors themselves.

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Named Big U elements and their documented roles

Element Documented role What is not established by the cited accounts
Big U protective ribbon AIA description: approximately 10 miles around Lower Manhattan Current route, construction completion, and measured flood reduction
Battery Berm Elevated path protecting the Financial District and critical transportation infrastructure while serving as public space Final height, materials, operating standard, and present condition
BIG Bench Named by the AIA description as one of the Big U components Detailed dimensions, built status, and performance data
Bridging Berm Named by the AIA description as one of the Big U components Detailed dimensions, built status, and performance data
FDR Drive floodwalls Walls beneath FDR Drive that could be raised for protection and otherwise help create sheltered civic space Final mechanism, closure procedure, pump integration, and current operation

What the dated accounts say about implementation

The project’s maturity changed over time, but the dated records stop short of a present-day status report.

Year and source Reported position How to read it
2014, Building Design + Construction Design under consideration in HUD’s Rebuild by Design competition; three autonomous zones and integrated public space described A competition-stage concept, not proof of construction
2017, Building Design + Construction A 2.5-mile DryLine segment was reported as funded, with another 3.5-mile stretch in design Historical funding and design figures from 2017, not current status
2019, Building Design + Construction Williamsburg waterfront plan described as in progress, with naturalized shoreline, breakwaters, parkland, and in-water programming A separate proposal at a different site
2016, Building Design + Construction Governors Island hills reported complete one year ahead of schedule A completed landscape project at that time; not evidence that the Big U was complete

No authoritative current project-owner update is established by these accounts. Readers should not infer that the headline project is under construction, finished, or cancelled.

Other New York-area approaches are related, not interchangeable

New York has pursued multiple waterfront strategies. They share a resilience goal but use different physical forms and serve different sites.

Example Protection form Public-space function Documented time point
Big U, Lower Manhattan Separated protection zones, raised land, and deployable floodwalls Parks, paths, and sheltered civic areas integrated with the defense Competition concept described in 2014; historical funding/design figures reported in 2017
Williamsburg River Street Waterfront Master Plan Naturalized shoreline and breakwaters Parkland and in-water public programming Plan described as in progress in 2019
Governors Island hills Elevated landscape forms Paths, recreation, and views, with resilience value Hills reported open in 2016

These examples cannot be ranked by effectiveness, cost, equity, or maintenance from these descriptions. A berm on an island, a breakwater in Williamsburg, and a deployable wall beside FDR Drive face different waves, drainage networks, ownership boundaries, and emergency requirements.

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What can—and cannot—be claimed about risk reduction

The 2014 BDC account referred to an unnamed study suggesting that high-intensity storm surges might occur as often as every three years. The underlying study, geographic scope, probability definition, and date were not established in the account. That statement should not be used as a current forecast for New York.

Likewise, renderings and design descriptions do not demonstrate a finished system’s performance. The descriptions supply no independently verified figure for flood depth avoided, buildings protected, pump capacity, downtime, or avoided losses for the exact project named in the headline.

A credible performance claim would need, at minimum, a defined storm level, an elevation datum, the protected boundary, assumptions about rainfall and wave action, the condition of gates and pumps, and a comparison with and without the project. Without those details, “more resilient” is a design objective rather than a measured result.

How to evaluate a waterfront resilience project

Residents, agencies, and project reviewers can use the following questions before treating a proposal as operational protection:

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  1. What exact shoreline and assets are covered? Request a map showing zone limits, low points, entrances, utilities, transit, and emergency routes.
  2. What happens at every opening? Check gates, ramps, bridges, service roads, ventilation shafts, and connections to neighboring zones.
  3. How is interior water removed? Look for pump capacity, storage volume, backflow prevention, power redundancy, alarms, testing, and access for repairs.
  4. Who operates the system? A protection plan should name the agency or owner responsible for forecasts, closures, inspections, vegetation, sediment, and post-storm reopening.
  5. How does the park function during and after a storm? Confirm whether paths, soils, trees, lighting, playgrounds, and electrical equipment can tolerate inundation and be restored safely.
  6. What is the evidence of performance? Separate a modeled design standard from observed results, and identify the storm assumptions behind every number.
  7. What is the implementation date? Distinguish a competition concept, funded segment, design package, active construction, and completed, operating asset.

Why the integrated approach matters

Flood defenses are most valuable when they remain dependable between storms. The Big U concept’s lasting lesson is organizational as much as architectural: divide a complex shoreline into manageable zones, combine hard and soft edges, and make protective land part of the public realm. Parks do not replace walls, berms, drainage, or pumps. They can, however, provide the elevation, access, storage, and everyday civic use that make those systems easier to live with and maintain.

For New York, the practical question is not whether one project has solved coastal flooding. It is whether each waterfront segment has a clearly defined hazard, a continuous line of protection, a functioning interior-drainage plan, accountable operators, and public spaces designed to recover after inundation. The historical Big U descriptions show how those pieces were intended to fit together; they do not establish the present condition of the city’s defenses.

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

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