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Bettesworth Construction
bioconcrete

Fungus-and-Bacteria Building Material Shows Promise, but Isn’t Ready to Replace Concrete

Researchers are combining fungal mycelium and mineral-forming bacteria in experimental building materials. The work is promising, but it has not shown a ready replacement for structural concrete.

By Bettesworth Construction Team 3 min read
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Not yet. Researchers are exploring living building materials that pair a fungus’s binding mycelium with bacteria that help form calcium carbonate. Early findings include a material reported to remain useful for at least a month and to self-repair, but the evidence does not show an “ultra-hard” product ready to replace structural concrete.

What the fungus-and-bacteria material is

It is a research-stage bio-composite, not a new grade of conventional concrete. In one early-stage study, researchers combined the fungus Ganoderma lucidum with the bacterium Sporosarcina pasteurii in a wood-based substrate. The fungus grows a branching network called mycelium, which binds the substrate. Bacteria can travel along the fungal hyphae and release urease; when a calcium source is supplied, calcium carbonate forms on the hyphae and in spaces within the composite. The study describes qualitative experiments and says additional data are needed. It does not establish a standardized strength rating or demonstrate a structural-concrete replacement. Cambridge University Press study

What has been demonstrated—and what has not

A separate Montana State University material was reported in a Cell Press release as useful for at least a month and capable of self-repair. That is a reported useful period for the experimental material, not evidence of a building’s service life or long-term performance in the field. The release does not make this Montana State material the same recipe or experiment as the Cambridge study. Cell Press release carried by EurekAlert!, April 16, 2025

The phrase “ultra-hard” goes beyond what these sources establish. The Cell Press release quotes corresponding author Chelsea Heveran, an assistant professor at Montana State University: “Biomineralized materials do not have high enough strength to replace concrete in all applications, but we and others are working to improve their properties so they can see greater usage.” The cited reports provide no standardized head-to-head strength result against ordinary concrete, so there is no supported compressive-strength figure or basis for claiming superiority.

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How it relates to bioconcrete

Bioconcrete is a broad term for materials consolidated through microbial processes. In microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP), bacteria use urease to initiate calcium carbonate crystal formation. The fungus-bacteria composite is related through its use of bacterial mineralization, but it should not be confused with every other bioconcrete system or assumed to share their performance results.

The University of Stuttgart describes current bioconcrete applications such as closing cracks, stabilizing sandy soils and making bricks. It also says that processes for producing large-format, load-bearing structural components are not yet available. Those are general observations about bioconcrete, not test results for the Montana State material. University of Stuttgart: Bioconcrete — Fundamentals and process principles

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How it differs from other mycelium and bacteria research

Researchers are pursuing several related but distinct construction approaches. Cornell’s MycoBuilt project, started in 2021, investigates fungal strains and nutrient pairings for bio-composites, with possible uses ranging from insulation to load-bearing components. The project provides context for mycelium-based construction research, not proof that structural mycelium products are market-ready. Cornell MycoBuilt

Bacteria-based self-healing concrete is another adjacent field with a longer development history. A 2016 TU Delft overview describes demonstrations of bacterial activity and regained water tightness, development of repair mortar and liquid systems, field trials, and a spin-off intended to develop those systems for market. That history does not mean the specific fungus-bacteria composite is sold or commercially available. TU Delft Research Portal: Bacteria-based concrete: From concept to market

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What would need to be proven before structural use

A useful construction material must do more than form mineral deposits or repair itself under laboratory conditions. For a fair comparison with conventional concrete, researchers and engineers would need consistent results on strength, durability, scale and production. The cited sources do not provide a common standardized dataset for those comparisons.

  • Mechanical performance: standardized compressive and flexural strength results, tested against relevant concrete grades and under comparable conditions.
  • Durability: performance under moisture, temperature changes, weathering and other conditions relevant to the intended use.
  • Repair behavior: evidence showing what damage the material can repair, how reliably it does so, and whether the repair restores useful performance.
  • Scale and load-bearing readiness: a repeatable process for producing components large enough for their intended structural role.
  • Production and environmental impact: a documented account of feedstocks, growing conditions and life-cycle impacts before making claims about cost or emissions.

Until such evidence is available for a particular formulation and application, the responsible description is a promising research-stage living material—not an established substitute for structural concrete.

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