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ancient grains

Cultivating Paleo-Era Plants for Modern Diets: What History Can—and Can’t—Tell Us

Ancient diets were diverse, and modern Paleo rules are not a prehistoric blueprint. Here’s how to evaluate einkorn, emmer, and locally adapted edible plants for growing today.

By Bettesworth Construction Team 3 min read
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“Paleo-era plants” is a useful shorthand, not a precise botanical category or a blueprint for one prehistoric menu. Ancient diets varied with local environments and ways of life; modern Paleo diets are interpretations with their own rules. For gardeners and growers, the practical lesson is to assess plants for local growing conditions, safe use, and the work needed to harvest and store them—not simply for an ancestral label.

What did people eat before farming?

There was no single pre-farming diet. The balance of plant and animal foods differed with ecology and subsistence: what grew locally, what people could gather or hunt, and how they obtained and prepared food. The shift toward cultivation was gradual and experimental, not a sudden change to a universal crop list. [Shelef, Weisberg and Provenza, 2017]

That distinction matters when choosing plants today. A plant eaten by some ancient communities is not automatically suitable for every climate, garden, or modern diet. Nor does historical use alone establish that a plant is safe to eat in a particular form or quantity.

Which plants can connect ancient cultivation with modern growing?

Einkorn and emmer

Einkorn and emmer are useful examples of cereals developed from wild grasses through cultivation. A review notes that they can perform on arid, lean soils and require relatively little fertilization. Those observations describe broad crop traits, not a location-specific growing prescription; local climate, soil, seed availability, and cultivation guidance still matter. [Agronomy review of ancient wheat cultivation]

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Before buying seed, check whether the crop suits your region and whether you have a plan for processing and storing the harvest. The cited review does not establish that einkorn or emmer will outperform other grains in any particular garden or field.

Locally adapted edible plants

Native edible plants may broaden food production and support adaptation to local environments. But potential is not the same as a ready-to-grow crop: the review of underutilized plants emphasizes obstacles and risks alongside their promise. It does not provide enough regional detail to recommend one universally suitable native species. [Shelef, Weisberg and Provenza, 2017]

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How to assess a plant before growing or gathering it

Use the intended purpose—home gardening, ecological restoration, or commercial production—to guide the decision. For any candidate, establish these points before planting or eating it:

  • Regional fit: Check climate, soil, water needs, and locally relevant growing advice.
  • Safe use: Identify the edible part and confirm its food-safety status. Do not assume that a plant is safe because it is native or historically eaten.
  • Establishment and inputs: Find out how long the crop takes to establish and what labor and other inputs it requires.
  • Harvest and handling: Account for harvesting, processing, storage, and delivery needs. These can determine whether a crop is practical even when it grows well.
  • Purpose and scale: A plant suitable for a garden trial may not be practical for commercial production, and a restoration planting has different goals from a food crop.

For commercializing a less familiar edible plant, the review identifies safe-use assessment, workable cultivation or gathering methods, and a viable harvesting, storage, and delivery chain as important considerations. A historic association by itself does not resolve those requirements. [Shelef, Weisberg and Provenza, 2017]

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Why “Paleo” does not identify one ancient menu

Today’s Paleo diets vary in their interpretation and practice. The USDA Agricultural Research Service record of a 2021 review notes that modern definitions differ and calls for more standardized definitions and research into nutrient composition. Its summary describes the diet’s ancestral premise as including fruits, vegetables, leaves, tubers, and nuts; it should not be read as evidence that all ancient people ate the same foods. [USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2021 review record]

Common contemporary Paleo patterns emphasize vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, eggs, meat, and fish, while often excluding grains, legumes, and dairy. A medical reference cautions that simplified evolutionary arguments overlook human variation and adaptation to agricultural foods; mainstream organizations do not specifically endorse Paleo as a named diet pattern. These present-day exclusions therefore do not directly reproduce a single prehistoric diet or amount to a settled clinical standard. [StatPearls, “Paleolithic Diet”]

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How narrow is modern reliance on edible plant species?

In a 2017 review, Oren Shelef, Peter J. Weisberg, and Frederick D. Provenza estimated that people cultivate about 150 of roughly 30,000 edible plant species worldwide, while about 30 species make up the vast majority of diets. These are the authors’ reported estimates, not a current census. They illustrate the gap between edible plant diversity and the relatively small group of crops on which diets heavily rely; they do not show that every uncultivated species is safe or practical to grow. [Shelef, Weisberg and Provenza, 2017]

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