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Bettesworth Construction
3D Printing

Can the World’s Biggest 3D Printer Make a House in Under 80 Hours?

The University of Maine has built a remarkable bio-based 3D-printed home—but the evidence does not verify that a complete, move-in-ready house was produced in under 80 hours.

By Bettesworth Construction Team 7 min read
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Not in the way the headline suggests. The University of Maine operates the world’s largest Guinness-recognized polymer 3D printer and has used an earlier version to produce a 600-square-foot prototype home. However, the university’s published material does not verify that a complete, move-in-ready house was produced in under 80 hours.

The technology is real. The 80-hour figure needs qualification: it may refer to printing or production time rather than the entire process of creating a legal, serviced and occupied home.

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Which 3D printer is the headline referring to?

The machine is at the University of Maine’s Advanced Structures and Composites Center. It is not a conventional desktop printer and it is not the same type of system as the concrete gantry printers used on building sites.

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In April 2024, the university unveiled Factory of the Future 1.0, described as four times larger than its predecessor. Its stated working envelope is up to 96 feet long, 32 feet wide and 18 feet high, with a maximum material throughput of 500 pounds, or about 227 kilograms, per hour. The university says the system is intended for large-scale manufacturing involving housing, boats, bridges and energy infrastructure.

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The record therefore needs to be stated precisely: it is the world’s largest polymer 3D printer according to the university’s Guinness-recognized achievement, not automatically the largest 3D printer in every category. Concrete construction printers, metal systems, robotic arms and hybrid manufacturing machines are measured and classified differently.

The University of Maine’s specifications and 2024 announcement describe Factory of the Future 1.0 as more than a simple extrusion machine. It combines large-scale additive manufacturing with subtractive machining, continuous tape layup, robotic operations, sensors, high-performance computing and artificial intelligence.

The house was BioHome3D

The building associated with the University of Maine’s earlier printer is BioHome3D, unveiled on November 21, 2022. It is a 600-square-foot prototype made from forest-derived materials, including wood fibre and bio-resin.

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The university says BioHome3D’s floors, walls and roof were additively manufactured. That makes it notably different from many concrete 3D-printed housing projects, where the printer produces primarily the walls while conventional construction supplies the foundation, roof and internal systems.

BioHome3D was designed to demonstrate the potential of locally sourced and recyclable materials. It is a research prototype, however, not a standard house package available for purchase. Its existence proves that a substantial bio-based building can be manufactured using large-format polymer printing; it does not by itself prove that the approach is ready for routine residential construction at commercial scale.

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More information is available on the university’s BioHome3D project page and its announcement of the prototype.

Was the house really printed in under 80 hours?

The primary sources do not verify that claim. The University of Maine’s published information confirms the printer’s size, material throughput and housing ambitions. It also confirms the existence and printed scope of BioHome3D. It does not provide a production log showing that a completed home was made in fewer than 80 hours.

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That means “under 80 hours” should be treated as an attributed or unverified claim unless a project-specific technical record clarifies exactly what the clock measured.

Claim What the available evidence supports
World’s biggest 3D printer The University of Maine operates a record-holding large-format polymer printer.
It can make a house An earlier machine produced the 600-square-foot BioHome3D prototype.
It made a house in under 80 hours Not verified by the primary University of Maine sources reviewed.
It prints an entire finished home The university says BioHome3D’s floors, walls and roof were printed; that is not the same as printing every building component or completing every construction task.
It printed a concrete house No. BioHome3D used forest-derived polymer materials and bio-resins.

The distinction matters because “80 hours” could mean active extrusion time, printer runtime, production of separate modules, assembly of the structural shell or the entire period from site preparation to occupancy. Those are very different measurements.

What does “printed house” leave out?

A printer can manufacture major structural components without completing a legally habitable building. Depending on the design and construction method, work outside the printer may include:

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  • site surveying, excavation and foundation construction;
  • transportation, lifting or assembly of printed sections;
  • structural connections and reinforcement;
  • electrical wiring and consumer units;
  • plumbing and drainage;
  • heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems;
  • windows and external doors;
  • roofing or weatherproofing;
  • insulation, fire protection and interior finishes;
  • kitchens, bathrooms, fixtures and appliances;
  • utility connections, inspections and building-control approval.

A completed house must also satisfy local requirements for structural safety, fire performance, moisture resistance, energy efficiency, accessibility and durability. A research prototype is not automatically an approved building system in every jurisdiction.

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How polymer printing differs from concrete construction printing

The University of Maine’s approach should not be confused with commercial concrete construction printing.

Large-format polymer and bio-based printing

Polymer printing deposits a thermoplastic or bio-based material through an extrusion system. It can support complex, integrated components and may allow floors, walls and roof elements to be manufactured as part of one material system. The University of Maine is also investigating forest-derived feedstocks and hybrid manufacturing processes.

Its challenges include proving long-term performance, fire resistance, weathering behaviour, insulation performance, joining methods and code compliance. Large polymer systems may also require a specialised facility and careful planning for transport or on-site assembly.

Concrete construction printers

Systems such as COBOD’s BOD2 use a modular gantry that moves along X, Y and Z axes and deposits concrete according to a digital model. COBOD says its systems can use locally sourced concrete rather than a proprietary mix.

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COBOD states that a single-storey home of approximately 100 square metres typically takes one to four days to print the wall structure. That is not a claim that the entire finished home is complete in one to four days. Foundations, reinforcement, services, windows, doors, roofing, finishes and inspections remain part of the wider project.

COBOD’s description of the process also says that other construction phases continue after printing. Its BOD2 information describes a machine with a maximum print length of 40 metres and a stated maximum printing speed of 250 millimetres per second. These specifications belong to COBOD’s concrete system and should not be used as evidence for the University of Maine’s polymer printer.

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Does faster printing mean cheaper housing?

Faster structural production could reduce some labour, formwork and material-handling requirements. The University of Maine also connects its work with housing shortages, construction labour shortages, supply-chain constraints and the possibility of using local forest residuals. MaineHousing has estimated that Maine could need approximately 80,000 additional homes by 2030, particularly for households at or below area median income.

But affordability is a project outcome, not a printer specification. A realistic cost assessment must include:

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  • land, surveying and site preparation;
  • foundations and utility connections;
  • printer purchase, rental, transport and setup;
  • material handling, mixing, testing or storage;
  • operators, engineers and technicians;
  • design, modelling and structural engineering;
  • reinforcement, insulation and weatherproofing;
  • mechanical, electrical and plumbing trades;
  • permits, inspections, insurance and financing;
  • maintenance, repairs and post-print finishing.

COBOD currently says its construction printers start at approximately $400,000, with final pricing depending on configuration, size and accessories. It also describes delivery to independent operation as taking about five months, including production, shipping, installation and training. That is industrial equipment pricing, not the cost of a house.

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Nor should claims about material savings be converted into claims that a complete home costs ten times less. Material cost is only one part of a building budget, and the result varies with location, labour rates, design, site conditions and regulatory requirements.

What are the main construction risks?

Large-format 3D printing does not remove construction risk; it changes where that risk occurs. Important failure points include:

  • Throughput versus real output: the maximum material rate does not include calibration, cleaning, pauses, material changes or downtime.
  • Material performance: the feedstock must meet requirements for strength, fire, moisture, temperature and long-term durability.
  • Site conditions: concrete gantries require a suitable, level work area and reliable material supply.
  • Services integration: pipes, cables, ducts and reinforcement must be designed into or installed around the printed structure.
  • Transport and assembly: large printed components may be difficult or expensive to move.
  • Approval: building-control authorities may require project-specific testing and engineering evidence.
  • Workforce changes: fewer hours of conventional wall construction may mean more work in design, programming, setup, quality control and finishing.

Can someone buy a 3D-printed house from the University of Maine?

There is no indication in the cited university material that BioHome3D is a retail house model with a published price, standard plan, consumer checkout or production schedule. Factory of the Future 1.0 is presented as a research and development platform.

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Commercial concrete printers are available to professional organisations, developers and construction companies, but they are not consumer appliances. COBOD’s equipment requires a construction pipeline, trained operators, engineering, site preparation, concrete supply and local permitting. In Europe, PERI’s BOD2 page describes purchase availability through PERI in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and Poland, illustrating that availability and support can depend on geography.

What the headline should say

A more accurate description would be:

The University of Maine operates the world’s largest polymer 3D printer and has used its earlier machine to produce a 600-square-foot bio-based prototype home. Claims that a complete house can be made in under 80 hours have not been verified by the university’s published technical material.

That version preserves the genuinely impressive achievement without implying that a printer routinely delivers an inspected, serviced and move-in-ready home in 80 hours.

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