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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteResearchers at RMIT University have turned spent coffee grounds into biochar and used it to replace part of the sand in concrete. In a 2023 laboratory study, the tested mix showed a 29.3% compressive-strength improvement. That is a promising materials result, not proof that coffee-based concrete can build skyscrapers: the documented field uses are footpaths, and the mix has not been established here as certified for high-rise structural work.
How coffee grounds become a concrete ingredient
Raw spent coffee grounds are not simply poured into concrete. Their organic matter can decompose and weaken the material. Instead, the RMIT process dries and heats the grounds in an oxygen-limited process called pyrolysis, producing a carbon-rich material known as biochar. RMIT described treating the grounds at 350°C without oxygen.
The biochar then replaces a portion of the fine aggregate—in practical terms, some of the sand—in a concrete mix. The approach aims to give a waste material a second use while reducing reliance on natural sand. It is the processed biochar, not untreated coffee grounds, that is incorporated into the studied concrete.
What the 29.3% strength result does—and does not—show
The 2023 study in Journal of Cleaner Production reported a 29.3% compressive-strength enhancement for its tested coffee-biochar concrete composite. RMIT’s announcement summarized the result as about 30%. The figure belongs to that particular laboratory mix and test; it is not a guaranteed improvement across concrete recipes, construction conditions, or structural designs. The journal paper record and abstract describe the study, while RMIT’s 2023 announcement explains the process and its context.
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Compressive strength is one important property, but a single laboratory result does not establish suitability for a skyscraper. The sources document concrete samples and footpath applications; they do not document a coffee-biochar high-rise or establish approval of the mix for high-rise structural use. Before such use could be claimed, project-specific design, validation, and alignment with applicable standards would matter.
Why the field results differ from the lab headline
RMIT and Macedon Ranges Shire Council trialled coffee-biochar concrete in a footpath in Gisborne, Victoria. RMIT later reported that the trial concrete had strength similar to standard concrete. Supply limitations meant the project could not use the low-energy biochar process used for the laboratory work, an important reason not to treat the lab result as a field guarantee. RMIT’s research impact page describes the Gisborne trial.
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In 2024, coffee-biochar concrete was also used in a footpath section of the Pakenham Roads Upgrade in Victoria. RMIT reported that Earth Systems processed 5 tonnes of spent grounds into 2 tonnes of biochar for that installation. This shows that the material has reached infrastructure field demonstrations, but a footpath section is not evidence of use in a high-rise frame. RMIT’s 2024 account of the Pakenham project also discusses the supply constraint affecting the Gisborne trial.
What the carbon figures mean
A 2025 life-cycle analysis reported carbon dioxide reductions for assessed scenarios in which biochar replaced different shares of sand. The figures below are scenario results reported by RMIT, not guaranteed savings for any particular project or recipe.
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| Biochar replacement of sand | Reported life-cycle CO₂ reduction |
|---|---|
| 5% | 15% |
| 10% | 23% |
| 15% | 26% |
These replacement levels describe the scenarios in the assessment; they should not be read as interchangeable construction specifications. Actual outcomes depend on the concrete mix and production conditions. RMIT says larger pilots, mix optimisation, and alignment with standards are still needed before projects can adopt the material confidently. RMIT’s 2025 report sets out the life-cycle figures and next steps.
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The evidence supports an emerging construction-material research story, not a routine, ready-to-order product. The documented projects are footpath demonstrations, and the laboratory strength gain does not by itself establish performance in other mixes or structural applications. RMIT has identified larger pilots, mix optimisation, and standards alignment as steps still ahead.
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For now, the most grounded claim is that spent coffee grounds can be processed into biochar and used as a partial sand substitute in concrete. The work is notable because it could connect a waste stream with demand for a mined construction input—but the skyscraper possibility remains a future question, not a demonstrated use. In RMIT’s 2025 report, Dr Mohammad Saberian said: “Next steps include larger pilots, mix optimisation and alignment with standards so projects can adopt this confidently.”
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