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India’s Environment (Construction and Demolition) Waste Management Rules, 2025 set recycling and recycled-material use targets for covered projects. They were notified on 2 April 2025, published in the Gazette on 4 April, and took effect on 1 April 2026. The rules create a framework for increasing recovery and use of construction and demolition waste, but the targets are not evidence that recycling capacity or performance has already improved.
What the 2025 rules cover
The rules replace the 2016 Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, subject to the Gazette’s transitional wording. They apply to construction, demolition, reconstruction, renovation and repair of structures. The listed waste stream includes soil, sand and gravel; brick and masonry; concrete; metal; wood; plastic; and ceramic materials.
Some waste is excluded, including waste regulated under nuclear law, defence and other strategic projects, disaster- or war-generated waste, and waste covered by another sector-specific waste regime. The Gazette notification is G.S.R. 219(E), dated 2 April 2025. The Ministry of Environment’s parliamentary response posted on 23 March 2026 also identifies 2 April 2025 as the notification date.
Which builders are defined as producers?
Under the rules, a “producer” is the occupier or person in charge of a building or building-complex project with a built-up area of at least 20,000 square metres. Producers are responsible for environmentally sound management of project waste and for meeting the applicable extended producer responsibility (EPR) recycling targets.
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The threshold matters: the rules do not define every contractor or small home repair as a producer. They also assign responsibilities to project waste generators and occupiers, local and development authorities, recyclers, intermediate waste-storage operators and designated collection points.
What covered parties must do
Plan and manage project waste
Producers must prepare a project waste-management plan for approval by the local authority and manage waste through the prescribed system. The rules provide for waste to be collected, stored, transported and processed through designated arrangements rather than handled as ordinary, untracked site refuse.
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Register through the central portal
Producers, recyclers, intermediate waste-storage operators and collection points established by local or development authorities must register on the central portal. The Gazette says covered entities may not carry on business without required registration, and registered entities may not deal with unregistered covered entities. The CPCB’s Construction and Demolition Waste portal lists registration categories for producers and recyclers and provides the rules, amendments and implementation materials; consult it for current forms and instructions.
How the recycling and use targets differ
The rules set two different kinds of obligation. EPR requires recycling a share of the previous year’s recyclable waste; the local or development authority assesses what counts as recyclable. Utilisation targets require processed C&D waste to make up a specified share of material used in building or reconstruction projects, or in road projects. These percentages have different denominators and should not be treated as interchangeable.
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| Financial year | EPR recycling target | Building/reconstruction use target | Road-use target |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2025–26 | 25% of previous-year recyclable waste | Not listed in the schedule | Not listed in the schedule |
| 2026–27 | 50% | 5% of total construction material | 5% of total road material |
| 2027–28 | 75% | 10% of total construction material | 5% of total road material |
| 2028–29 | 100% | 15% of total construction material | 10% of total road material |
| 2029–30 | 100% | 20% of total construction material | 10% of total road material |
| 2030–31 onward | 100% | 25% of total construction material | 15% of total road material |
The EPR percentages are based on recyclable waste generated in year Y-1. Building and reconstruction utilisation timing is tied to the year the waste-utilisation plan is approved; road utilisation timing is tied to the project’s commencement year. Although the schedule includes a 2025–26 EPR row, the rules commence on 1 April 2026. The schedule alone does not establish how authorities have handled that transition in practice.
What recycled materials can be used
The rules list fine aggregates, recycled concrete aggregate in specified size ranges, recycled aggregate and manufactured soil as direct outputs of processing. Downstream products include bricks, blocks, tiles, hollow bricks, wall tiles, pavers, kerb stones, park benches, drain covers, planters, compound walls, fence posts, tree guards, manhole covers and precast boundary-wall products.
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Use is conditional on quality and safety. The Gazette states: “The utilisation of waste shall be such that it will not have any adverse impact on the quality of construction and safety parameters.” For roads, the schedule refers to IRC:121-2017 and identifies uses including embankments, flexible pavement layers, concrete pavement applications, paving blocks and kerb stones. It also provides a route for an exemption through the relevant authority in special cases where use is not possible. Recycled aggregate is not automatically suitable for every structural application: applicable engineering specifications and approvals still govern.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What happens when an entity does not comply?
The rules provide for environmental compensation when specified entities fail to comply with environmentally sound disposal or recycling requirements, including EPR and utilisation targets, and that failure causes environmental or public-health loss, damage or injury. Compensation does not remove a producer’s EPR responsibility. Unfulfilled obligations may be carried forward for up to three years under the conditions set out in the rules; payment is not a substitute for completing the obligation.
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What the mandate does—and does not—show so far
The rules establish targets, responsibilities, registration and a route for monitoring compliance. Whether they translate into more recycling depends in practice on collection and processing capacity, consistent recycled-material quality, local availability and procurement, and effective implementation by authorities. The official sources available here do not establish post-commencement C&D recycling performance, local capacity, market effects or state-by-state compliance. The mandate sets a direction and measurable requirements; its results need verified implementation data.
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