Keep visitors, passers-by and venue staff safe by designing the construction boundary, traffic routes and visitor diversions together. A secure perimeter, physically separated vehicle movements, protected work at height and a continuously reviewed crowd plan prevent construction hazards from colliding with attraction queues and familiar visitor routes.
The approach below is general planning guidance. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publications provide the main reference points, but permits, highway controls, accessibility duties, engineering designs and event requirements must be confirmed with the relevant authority and the attraction operator for the project location.
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What public protection must achieve
A construction project beside an attraction has two operating environments: the worksite and a destination that may receive unfamiliar visitors, children, wheelchair users, pram users, employees and large, time-dependent crowds. Protection therefore has to do more than stop people entering the hoarded area. It must also keep hazards from crossing the boundary, preserve a usable route, and prevent changed circulation from creating a crush, collision or confusing last-minute decision.
Start with a site-specific risk assessment covering the work, the surrounding population, nearby buildings, visitor access and the way conditions change during each construction phase. HSE’s public-protection guidance says the perimeter and controls should reflect the actual setting rather than a universal design.
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1. Map people, routes and work phases before mobilisation
Prepare a plan that can be updated, not a one-off drawing filed at the start of the job. Mark:
- Every attraction entrance, exit, queue, viewing point and known “desire line”.
- Pedestrian and vehicle crossings, delivery gates, staff access and emergency access.
- Accessible routes, toilets, drop-off points and locations where a narrowing could affect wheelchair or pram users.
- Construction boundaries, lifting zones, excavations, scaffold positions, storage compounds and plant routes.
- Times of peak arrival and departure, school or group visits, performances, event days and service deliveries.
Overlay the plan with each work phase. A route that is safe during demolition may be unsuitable during scaffold erection, concrete pours, deliveries or façade work. Recheck it when opening hours, attendance patterns, event timetables or the construction sequence change.
HSE’s crowd material identifies layout, visitor familiarity, queues, route convergence and obstructed or crossing flows as factors that influence crowd risk. Its leaflet says its content was current at February 1993 and is a summary of research rather than current HSE guidance, so use those enduring planning principles alongside current requirements from the venue and authorities. See Managing crowds safely.
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2. Select, build and maintain the perimeter
Match the boundary to the setting
Use a physical perimeter wherever people could otherwise reach the work or be exposed to its effects. In a populated area, HSE describes a two-metre-high, small-mesh fence or hoarding as typical. That is an example, not a universal legal height or an automatic specification: the required resistance, visibility, foundations, gates and security depend on the work and location. Children may be attracted to construction equipment, so assess climbability, footholds, gaps and objects that could be used to scale the fence.
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Inspect the perimeter at a defined frequency and after impacts, high winds, deliveries or vandalism. Repair gaps, loose panels, damaged gates and lifted feet promptly. Keep gates shut or controlled when not in use; restrict entry to authorised people, and provide induction or supervision appropriate to visitors, contractors and delivery drivers. Secure the site whenever work stops.
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Store materials in a secure compound or well away from the fence. Prevent bricks, tools, plant parts and waste from falling or being thrown beyond the boundary. Depending on the risk, controls can include scaffold toe-boards, brick guards, debris netting, fans or covered walkways, as described in HSE’s public-protection guidance.
Barrier or cover excavations, shafts, service openings and other holes with a system that cannot be casually displaced. A warning sign does not substitute for a physical guard where a person could fall. Position lighting so the perimeter, gates and any change in level remain visible during dark hours.
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3. Separate pedestrians from construction vehicles
The safest arrangement gives pedestrians and vehicles separate entrances and routes. Plan the complete movement system: delivery approach, gate, unloading, storage, exit, crossings and emergency access. HSE’s traffic-management guidance describes the key message this way: “construction site vehicle incidents can and should be prevented by the effective management of transport operations throughout the construction process.”
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Design routes that do not force conflict
- Provide firm, level, well-drained pedestrian paths with enough width for the expected flow and mobility equipment.
- Use conspicuous, controlled crossings where a route must intersect vehicle movement; keep sight lines clear of hoarding, parked vehicles and stored materials.
- Use barriers or kerbs to stop people drifting into a vehicle lane, and prevent vehicles from mounting the walking route.
- Keep walkways unobstructed. Do not make people step into a carriageway to pass a pallet, skip, cable or temporary sign.
- Reduce vehicle movements by consolidating deliveries and scheduling them outside attraction arrival, departure and event peaks where practicable.
- Avoid reversing. Where it cannot be eliminated, use a trained signaller and a controlled exclusion area, with communication that drivers and pedestrians understand.
Brief workers, visiting drivers, venue staff and relevant visitors on the route, crossing rules, delivery windows and who controls a movement. Reissue the briefing when the layout changes. Confirm the plan with the attraction operator and, where necessary, the highway or emergency services. The traffic guidance does not provide a single barrier or route dimension; competent site planning must determine the design.
4. Make a pedestrian diversion safe and legible
If a pavement or footpath is affected, HSE’s Health and safety in construction advises that “the area may need to be barriered off and a safe alternative route provided for pedestrians.” The relevant street-work advice appears in paragraphs 559–565 of HSG150. Contact the Highway Authority where a public route is closed or altered, and obtain any required approval before implementation.
Build the alternative route
- Place signs in advance of the closure, at decision points and at the destination so a person does not discover the diversion only at a blocked gate.
- Use sturdy barriers to define the work or traffic safety zone and prevent shortcutting through the site.
- Provide a continuous, stable, slip-resistant walking surface. Temporary ramps should be firm, secure and free of abrupt lips or trip hazards.
- Provide lighting where daylight is inadequate, including at crossings, ramps, gates and changes in level.
- Store tools, materials, skips, cables and signs outside the walking envelope; inspect after every delivery.
- Keep the route visible, direct and unobstructed, with enough passing and turning space for the anticipated flow.
Check inclusive usability
Walk the diversion with people who use wheelchairs or mobility aids, people with visual impairments, older people and people pushing prams. Check gradients, surface joints, tactile information, overhead obstructions, drainage, crossing time and whether a person can identify where the route leads without relying on a staff member. A route that is technically open but forces a wheelchair user into traffic, a visually impaired person into a barrier foot or a pram user over an unstable board is not a safe alternative.
5. Manage attraction crowds when familiar routes change
Closing a familiar path changes crowd behaviour, not just signage. HSE’s leaflet states: “Visitors familiar with a venue are likely to use known routes to favourite viewing-points or attractions and may persist in doing this, even if the routes are closed.” People may stop at the closure, move against the flow, form a queue in a narrow place or follow conflicting directions.
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Coordinate the construction plan with the venue’s crowd-management lead. Agree:
- One wayfinding system, using consistent wording, symbols and destinations across hoarding, tickets, maps, digital notices and staff instructions.
- Announcements before visitors reach the closure, with extra communication during busy periods and events.
- Staff positions at queues, junctions, crossings and the old route, with authority to pause or redirect movement.
- Queue locations that do not block emergency access, pedestrian crossings, delivery gates or another attraction entrance.
- Controls for crossing flows so entering and leaving groups do not meet in a narrow channel.
- A trigger for reducing admissions, opening an additional route or stopping a delivery if the planned capacity is exceeded.
Observe the arrangement during normal opening, peak arrival and departure, and event conditions. Remove conflicting temporary signs immediately; poor or contradictory information can make people stop and block a passage.
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Scaffold and work at height
Schedule scaffold erection and dismantling inside a segregated area and, where practicable, when fewer people are nearby. If the operation could endanger a footpath or road, consider a closure or a controlled diversion. Keep tubes, boards and components from protruding into pedestrian space, prevent unauthorised access to an unattended scaffold, and select falling-object protection for the actual task. HSE’s scaffolds guidance covers public exposure during erection, dismantling and use.
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Assess falling objects, plant movement, dust, noise, vibration, slips, hot work, hazardous substances, open excavations and stored materials. Controls may include exclusion zones, covers, suppression, timing noisy work outside visitor peaks, sealed containers and housekeeping. Do not assume the hoarding solves dust, noise or vibration; those effects can travel beyond it and may need separate controls and communication.
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End-of-day security
Before the site is left, barrier or cover pits and openings, immobilise and secure plant, store materials so they cannot topple or roll, remove access ladders where appropriate, close gates and lock away hazardous substances. Give particular attention to children and other vulnerable people who may approach an apparently quiet site.
7. Inspect, communicate and review through every phase
Assign named people to inspect the perimeter, routes, signs, lighting, barriers, crossings, scaffold protection and storage. Record defects, the corrective action, responsible person and completion time. Include checks before opening, after deliveries, after severe weather and before special events.
Review the risk assessment when the work sequence, attraction attendance, opening hours, route capacity, weather or neighbouring activity changes. A control that worked during a low-attendance phase may create a bottleneck during a festival or school visit. The traffic and public-protection guidance emphasises planning, inspection, communication and review rather than treating an initial layout as permanent.
Control-selection checklist
| Question | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Separation and access control | The perimeter defines the work area, gates are controlled and casual access is prevented in the actual setting. |
| Hazard protection | The arrangement addresses the specific risk: vehicle incursion, falling objects, excavation falls, scaffold work, dust, noise or hazardous substances. |
| Route quality | The pedestrian path is direct, stable, lit, signed and unobstructed, or a safe alternative is provided when closure is necessary. |
| Crowd behaviour | Queues, crossing flows and familiar routes do not lead visitors toward the work or create a bottleneck. |
| Accessibility | Wheelchair users, mobility-aid users, people with visual impairments, older people and pram users can use the route safely. |
| Inspection and maintenance | The site team can maintain the controls through construction phases, weather, deliveries and opening hours. |
| Approval and specification | Required permits, authority approvals, engineered designs and venue event coordination are identified before the change is installed. |
There is no universal product ranking or single barrier specification in the cited guidance. Select and verify controls through a competent, site-specific assessment, then confirm local legal and engineering requirements.
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