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Bettesworth Construction
Alemania

Fehmarnbelt: el túnel sumergido que conectará Dinamarca y Alemania

El Fehmarnbelt será un túnel sumergido con carretera y ferrocarril entre Dinamarca y Alemania. Conoce su construcción, avance, previsiones y financiación.

By Bettesworth Construction Team 4 min read
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El Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link será un túnel sumergido para carretera y ferrocarril entre Rødby, en la isla danesa de Lolland, y Puttgarden, en la isla alemana de Fehmarn. La obra seguía en construcción en 2026: el primer elemento de túnel, de 217 metros, se colocó frente a Rødbyhavn el 7 de mayo. La puesta en servicio está prevista para 2029, según DEGES; no es una fecha de apertura confirmada.

Qué es el Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link

Es una conexión fija bajo el mar Báltico que enlazará Dinamarca y Alemania a través del estrecho de Fehmarnbelt. En lugar de un puente, el proyecto utiliza un túnel sumergido: sus elementos de hormigón se fabrican y después se instalan en una zanja preparada en el lecho marino. La Comisión Europea lo describe como parte de la red transeuropea de transporte (TEN-T), una infraestructura destinada a mejorar la conexión entre Escandinavia y Europa continental.

Las fuentes institucionales publican longitudes redondeadas de aproximadamente 18 o 19 kilómetros. La diferencia refleja el redondeo empleado en distintos documentos; no conviene atribuirle una medida más precisa a partir de esas cifras.

Qué infraestructura tendrá

El diseño reúne tráfico por carretera y ferrocarril electrificado. Las descripciones oficiales contemplan una autopista de cuatro carriles y una línea ferroviaria electrificada de doble vía. La ficha de contratación de la Unión Europea especifica dos calzadas de doble vía y una vía férrea de doble vía a lo largo del cruce.

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La solución sumergida requiere preparar el trazado en el fondo marino y colocar elementos prefabricados para formar el túnel. El 7 de mayo de 2026, Sund & Bælt informó de la colocación frente a Rødbyhavn del primer elemento, de 217 metros. Ese hito marcó el comienzo de una nueva fase de la obra, no la finalización del túnel.

Calendario: cuándo se espera que abra

DEGES publica 2029 como año previsto para la puesta en servicio. Se trata de una previsión institucional, no de una confirmación de que el enlace vaya a abrir en una fecha fija. La actualización de Sund & Bælt de mayo de 2026 documenta que la construcción seguía adelante y que había comenzado la inmersión de elementos.

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Cuánto tardará el cruce

DEGES publica duraciones previstas de siete minutos en tren y diez minutos en coche para atravesar el túnel una vez abierto. Son tiempos del cruce, no estimaciones de viaje puerta a puerta ni servicios disponibles actualmente.

El enlace también forma parte de planes de transporte de mayor alcance. Una ficha de corredor de la Comisión Europea publicada en 2017 proyectó que el trayecto ferroviario entre Hamburgo y Copenhague podría reducirse de unas cuatro horas y media a menos de tres, y que los trenes de mercancías podrían evitar un desvío de 160 kilómetros por el Gran Belt. Son proyecciones de planificación de 2017: el túnel aún no opera y esos resultados no deben confundirse con mediciones actuales.

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Cómo se financia y qué significan las cifras publicadas

Según la Comisión Europea, Dinamarca será propietaria del enlace marítimo y asumirá el riesgo de financiación del túnel y de las conexiones terrestres danesas. El 20 de marzo de 2020, la Comisión aprobó el modelo de financiación pública conforme a las normas de ayudas estatales de la UE. En esa página indicó un máximo de financiación pública danesa de 9.400 millones de euros y un rendimiento socioeconómico previsto del 4,1–4,7 % en un análisis de costes y beneficios. Son cifras asociadas a la información institucional de 2020, no un presupuesto actualizado del megaproyecto en 2026.

Por separado, el aviso de contratación de la Unión Europea para Tunnel South registró un valor final de 1.361.455.870 euros, con fecha de aviso de 14 de septiembre de 2026. Ese importe corresponde a un contrato, no al coste total del enlace.

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Por qué importa para las conexiones europeas

El proyecto está concebido para integrar mejor los desplazamientos por carretera y ferrocarril entre Escandinavia y el continente. Su contribución dependerá tanto del túnel como de sus conexiones terrestres y de que se materialicen las previsiones de servicio y transporte. La Comisión Europea presenta el enlace como una pieza de TEN-T; las mejoras de tiempos y rutas citadas para trenes de pasajeros y mercancías son previsiones, no beneficios ya observados.

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Fuentes institucionales

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