October DealsAmazon USOctober deal check: compare before you payAmazon US: current deals, useful picks and tech finds.Check DealsClean PCRecommendedOne scan can reveal what keeps slowing WindowsLook for cleanup and repair opportunities.Run ScanOctober DealsAmazon USDeal season is back - check today's better picksAmazon US: current deals, useful picks and tech finds.See Picks×
Skip to content
Bettesworth Construction
calentadores eléctricos

Leyes eléctricas en calentadores de agua: efecto Joule y cálculo del calentamiento

Las fórmulas para estimar el calentamiento del agua en una resistencia eléctrica, con un ejemplo de 50 litros y las salvedades prácticas y normativas.

By Bettesworth Construction Team 3 min read
Special offer. See more information about Outbyte and uninstall instructions. Please review EULA and Privacy policy.

Un calentador resistivo transforma energía eléctrica en calor por efecto Joule. Para estimar cuánto tarda en elevar la temperatura del agua, se relacionan la potencia del aparato, el tiempo de funcionamiento y el calor que necesita el agua. El resultado es un cálculo ideal, no una especificación para elegir o instalar un equipo.

Cómo se convierte la electricidad en calor

En una resistencia calefactora, la corriente eléctrica encuentra oposición al paso y parte de la energía se disipa en forma de calor: es el efecto Joule. Las relaciones básicas son:

  • Ley de Ohm: V = IR.
  • Potencia eléctrica: P = VI. Al combinarla con la ley de Ohm: P = I²R o P = V²/R.
  • Energía transferida durante un intervalo: E = Pt.

V representa tensión en voltios, I corriente en amperios, R resistencia en ohmios, P potencia en vatios, E energía en julios y t tiempo en segundos. El material de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile explica el efecto Joule y el calentamiento de agua con una resistencia eléctrica: material sobre efecto Joule.

Cuánto calor necesita el agua

Para estimar la energía térmica que absorbe una cantidad de agua se usa Q = mcΔT. En esta ecuación, Q es el calor en julios, m la masa en kilogramos, c el calor específico y ΔT el cambio de temperatura en grados Celsius. Para el agua, la NOM-003-ENER-2011 de la Secretaría de Energía de México especifica c = 4186 J/kg°C en el intervalo de −3 a 87 °C. Esa norma tiene como ámbito los calentadores a gas; el valor sirve aquí como dato térmico, no como regulación de calentadores eléctricos. Consulta la NOM-003-ENER-2011 en el Diario Oficial de la Federación.

Special offer. See more information about Outbyte and uninstall instructions. Please review EULA and Privacy policy.
#1 Best Overall
DROMIX Water Heater Element, 4500W 240V, 2PCs Pack, Screw-in Type, High Watt Density, Chrome Coated Copper, fits most models of Dual Element Eletrical Water Heaters, 2PC4500W_EWH
  • 2xPack 【CONTENTS】 - Screw-in HWD Universal Water Heater Heating Element - Pack of 2, this thread watt density style heating element can be used in most replacement situations of the same power and voltage. Reduces lime scale build-up when used in areas with hard water.
  • 【Power & Material】 Heating Element: 4500W @ 240V, High Watt Density at 240V (W/sq. in. ): 208, Cold Resistance (ohm): 12.80, Outer sheath material: Copper
  • 【Dimensions】: Heating Element Diameter 2.5cm, Element Length: Flange to Tip (in. ): 13-9/16", Mounting type: Threaded, Socket size: 1-1/2"
  • 【Compatibility】 The Water Heater Element fits most models from American, AO Smith, Bradford White, Craftmaster (before 1991), GE, GS Wood (certain models), Kenmore, Lochinvar, Maytag, Mor-Flo, Reliance, Rheem, Richmond, Rudd, Sears, State, Whirlpool and hot water heaters manufactured after 1994.
  • 【ONE YEAR WARRANTY】UL Listed Water Heater Replacement Part with One-Year Warranty:The hot water heater element is UL listed for USA and Canada.

En una estimación ideal, se supone que el calor Q que recibe el agua equivale a la energía eléctrica útil suministrada durante el intervalo, E = Pt. En condiciones reales, parte de la energía puede calentar el aparato o el entorno, y el aislamiento, el caudal, los controles y las condiciones de alimentación también influyen. Sin datos de prueba del modelo no se puede atribuirle una eficiencia real a partir de estas ecuaciones.

Ejemplo: calentar 50 litros de agua

La Universidad Nacional de La Plata propone como ejercicio calentar 50 litros de agua de 10 °C a 70 °C en media hora. Para hacer el cálculo, se supone una densidad de 1 kg/L, por lo que 50 litros corresponden aproximadamente a 50 kg; también se supone que toda la energía calculada se transfiere al agua.

Rank #2
EWH-01 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit, Includes Two Water Heater Thermostats, Two Water Heater Heating Elements - 4500W 240V, T-O-D Style Thermostat, Water Heater Replacement Parts
  • 【ONE YEAR WARRANTY】Z Turn-up Kit Includes (2) 4500W 240V COPPER Water Heater Element, Insert Length: 13-9/16". 3500W@208V. Fit Most Brands of Water Heater >= 30 Gallons.
  • 【ONE YEAR WARRANTY】Includes (1) Upper Water Heater Thermostat, (1) Lower Water Heater Thermostat, 120V ~ 480V
  • 【Interchangeable】Therm-O-Disc Type Thermostat, Can interchange with APCOM type.
  • 【More Durable】Extra Longer Life of Heating Element with Chromed Coating on the Heating Area
  • 【Versatile Fits】The Tune-up Kits in Plumber's pack Fits Most Water Heaters with Dual Elements - Rheem, A.O Smith, Whirlpool, GE, Richmond, Ruud, BRADFORD WHITE; CRAFTMASTER; GENERAL ELECTRIC; GS WOOD; KENMORE; LOCHINVAR; RELIANCE; RICHMOND; STATE; MOR-FLO; APCOM etc
  1. Calcular el cambio de temperatura: ΔT = 70 − 10 = 60 °C.
  2. Calcular el calor requerido: Q = mcΔT = (50 kg)(4186 J/kg°C)(60 °C) = 12 558 000 J.
  3. Convertir el tiempo a segundos: media hora = 1800 s.
  4. Calcular la potencia térmica promedio ideal: P = Q/t = 12 558 000 J ÷ 1800 s ≈ 6977 W, o aproximadamente 7,0 kW.

El resultado es la potencia promedio ideal necesaria para entregar ese calor al agua en el tiempo indicado. No es una recomendación de potencia nominal ni demuestra que un calentador real pueda conseguir ese aumento de temperatura en esas condiciones. El ejercicio académico puede consultarse en el material de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

Qué normas y requisitos aplican

México: alcance de la referencia citada

Una declaratoria de vigencia publicada en 2014 por el Diario Oficial de la Federación describe la NMX-J-521/2-35-ANCE-2013 como una norma con requisitos particulares para calentadores instantáneos eléctricos de agua destinados a calentarla por debajo de la ebullición. La declaratoria señala tensiones asignadas de hasta 250 V para aparatos monofásicos y 480 V para otros. Es una referencia mexicana y la publicación de la declaratoria no basta por sí sola para establecer cuál edición o requisito está vigente hoy: hay que comprobar la aplicabilidad actual antes de tratarla como regla vigente. Consulta la declaratoria en el Diario Oficial de la Federación.

Special offer. See more information about Outbyte and uninstall instructions. Please review EULA and Privacy policy.
Rank #3
NISHCON EWH-01 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit, Water Heater Parts Fit for Most Electric Water Heaters, Includes 2× Heater Elements - 4500W 240V (3500W@208V), Upper & Lower Heater Thermostat
  • ONE YEAR WARRANTY: Contains 2 × 13-9/16inch Water Heater Element with Gaskets, 3500W@208V
  • ONE YEAR WARRANTY: 1× Upper Water Heater Thermostat, 1× Lower Water Heater Thermostat. Temperature Adjustment Range: 90F-150F, high limit at 170F. 120V ~ 480V. Restores efficiency and improves energy consumption of water heaters
  • Versatile Fits: The Tune-up kits fits most water heaters with dual elements or capacity ≥ 30 Gallons, comapatible with A.O Smith, Whirlpool, GE, Richmond, Ruud, Bradford White; Craftmaster; General Electric; Gs Wood; Kenmore; Lochinvar; Reliance; Richmond; State; Mor-Flo; APCOM
  • More Practical: Therm-O-Disc Type Thermostat, Can interchange with APCOM type.We also chrome-coated the heating zone to extend the life of the heating element. EWH-01 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit is constructed of high-quality materials to ensure reliable performance
  • Extremely Helpful: Replacing parts saves more money and time than replacing the entire water heater. Electric water heater commissioning kit help us to solve 1. Abnormal Trip the Reset of Thermostat 2. Slower Hot Wather 3. No Hot Water 4. Lower Water Quality 5.Increase Electricity Charges, etc

Colombia: requisitos locales

La compilación jurídica de la Cancillería de Colombia reproduce requisitos para duchas eléctricas y calentadores de paso que abarcan corriente de fuga, materiales, elementos calefactores y la entrega de una guía de instalación y operación. Son referencias circunscritas a Colombia; no deben trasladarse automáticamente a otro país ni suponerse aplicables a cualquier tipo de calentador. Consulta la compilación jurídica colombiana.

Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Support on Ko-Fi

El cálculo no es una guía de instalación

Las ecuaciones describen relaciones físicas; no indican cómo abrir, cablear, instalar o medir un calentador energizado. Los requisitos dependen del país y del equipo. Antes de instalarlo, consulta el manual específico del fabricante y las reglas locales aplicables; no deduzcas el cableado o las protecciones a partir del cálculo de potencia.

Best Value
𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟲 𝙐𝙥𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙙 EWH-03 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit - Comes with 2 Water Heater thermostats,2 Heating Elements,1 Element Wrench Socket by Beaquicy
  • 𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤-𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐆𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐞--𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐤𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝟐-𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐚𝐫𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐲 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐚𝐝𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐝(𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧/𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞)If you have any problems during guarantee period, please feel free to contact us via YOUR ORDER/ EMAIL / QA, We will reply to you within 24 hours. For whatever reason you are not satisfied, you can request 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗳𝘂𝗻𝗱
  • 【EWH-03 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit】EWH-03 thermostat can be set between 90F and 150F according to user needs, ensuring precise temperature control. Spiral in heating elements provide fast and consistent heating to ensure the availability of hot water. Steel heating tubes provide the highest heating efficiency and shorten heating time, while longer insertion lengths provide the fastest heating speed. The chrome coating on the tube extends its service life by 90% and prevents corrosion. Replacing the aging thermostat and heating element with a new electric water heater adjustment kit can restore the efficiency of the water heater and reduce energy consumption
  • 【WIDE APPLICATION】EWH-03 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up kit is compatible for most brands A O SIMITH, BRADFORD WHITE, CRAFTMASTER, GENERAL ELECTRIC, GS WOOD, KENMORE, LOCHINVAR, MOR-FLO, RELIANCE, RHEEM, RICHMOND, RUUD, STATE. Thermo-O-Disc (TOD) style thermostats are easily interchangeable with Apcom style thermostats, providing flexibility and convenience. Regular maintenance of your water heater is critical to its performance and longevity. EWH-03 Tune-Up Kit provides the necessary tools to keep the best performance of your water heater
  • 【GRATE VALUE PACKAGE】EWH-03 Electric Water Heater Tune-Up Kit equipped with Thermo-O-Disc (TOD) type water heater thermostat, including two upper and lower parts; Copper heating element with screw in gasket, operating voltage of 240V 4500W (208V 3800W); Component wrench socket, length 10 inches, double hexagonal size (1-1/2 inches and 1-1/16 inches). The EWH-03 electric water heater commissioning kit is made of high-quality materials, ensuring high durability and reliable performance. Each component undergoes rigorous testing to meet industry standards and maximize functionality. 1-inch diameter thread universal size, compatible with most brands
  • 【EASY INSTALLATION】Turn off the power to the water heater before any maintenance work. Be aware that high temperatures may increase the risk of burns. Use the included component wrench socket to remove old components or anode rods, and then install new temperature controllers and heating elements according to the manufacturer's instructions. One end is a 1-1/2 inch hex head, used to remove all residential threaded water heater components. The other end is a 1-1/16 inch hex head, used to remove all 3/4 inch NPT threaded anode rods. PLEASE NOTE: Ensure that both thermostats are not set above 120 degrees Fahrenheit and that the new EWH-03 thermostat is tightly installed in the water tank
Rank #4
Upgraded 100108283 Water Heater Element 2 pack
  • ✅[Perfect Replacement] 100108283 heater element meet original factory standards. We have tested it tens of thousands of times and it works well, more durable than the old version. Our product is your best choice
  • ✅[Comapatible] 100108283 heater element, Screw-In 4500W 240V, replaces 100108284 9000092015 heating element, fits for AO Smith Electric Water Heaters
  • ✅[High Quality] The heating element is made of high quality materials that can withstand higher temperatures, resist corrosion and mineral buildup, and minimize failures and extend the life of your water heater
  • ✅[Easy Installation] The structure of this element is a screw-in type, taking just minutes to perform routine maintenance
  • ✅[After-sales service] We provide quality one-on-one after-sales service and repair 1 year, you can rest assured that after the purchase of the installation and use, if you have any questions, please feel free to contact us through the “Order History” - “Contact Seller”, we will be within 24 hours!

Product prices and availability are accurate as of the date/time indicated and are subject to change. Any price and availability information displayed on Amazon at the time of purchase will apply.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Special offer. See more information about Outbyte and uninstall instructions. Please review EULA and Privacy policy.

More from the Site Office

Recommended PC Tool
Recommended PC Tool
Crashes, No Sound, or Screen Glitches?Free driver scan
Windows Errors? Fix Them Before They SpreadFree repair scan

Two free Windows tools

One Free Minute Could Fix That PC

Before you go - each of these free tools takes about a minute and tackles what quietly slows a Windows PC down.

Special offer. View Outbyte info, uninstall instructions, EULA, and Privacy Policy.