India can move its cement industry toward net-zero emissions by cutting the amount of clinker in cement, replacing some coal and petcoke with suitable waste-derived fuels, switching to cleaner power, and capturing emissions that remain. None is a standalone fix: limestone calcination itself releases carbon dioxide, while demand is expected to rise sharply. NITI Aayog’s January 2026 roadmap models a path from 0.63 tonnes of CO₂-equivalent per tonne of cement in 2023 to about 0.09–0.13 tonnes by 2070; those are scenario figures, not a forecast or an achieved result.
Why does cement matter to India’s climate goals?
Cement is essential to housing, transport and other infrastructure, but making it produces substantial greenhouse gas emissions. NITI Aayog’s January 2026 roadmap reports that India produced 391 million tonnes (Mt) of cement in 2023 and emitted about 246 MtCO₂e from the sector. That corresponds to an average intensity of 0.63 tCO₂e per tonne of cement, and about 6% of India’s greenhouse gas emissions.
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The same report gives a different, later snapshot of the industry’s scale: installed capacity was around 622 Mt a year and production in FY2024 was 427 Mt, citing Cement Manufacturers Association and DPIIT data. Capacity is what plants could produce, while output is what they actually produced during a period; neither figure should be substituted for the 2023 emissions baseline.
Demand growth complicates the transition. The Government of India’s January 2026 summary describes a scenario in which annual production rises from 391 Mt in 2023 to about 2,100 Mt in 2070—roughly seven times as much. In the corresponding decarbonisation scenario, emissions intensity falls to about 0.09–0.13 tCO₂e per tonne by 2070. These are modelled pathway values, not guaranteed outcomes. Even a large reduction per tonne would have to contend with much higher production.
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Why is cement so hard to decarbonise?
The central difficulty is that cement emissions come from both the chemistry of production and the energy used to run a plant. NITI Aayog breaks the 2023 intensity into approximately 0.36 tCO₂e per tonne from limestone calcination, 0.20 from fuel combustion for process heat, and 0.07 from electricity. The components are rounded.
Limestone releases CO₂ during clinker production
To make clinker—the kiln product that is the main reactive ingredient in ordinary cement—limestone is heated and chemically decomposes. This calcination releases CO₂ directly. More efficient kilns and renewable electricity can reduce energy-related emissions, but cannot by themselves remove the carbon released by that reaction.
Kilns need high-temperature heat
Cement kilns require intense, continuous heat. Replacing some coal or petcoke with refuse-derived fuel (RDF) can reduce fossil-fuel use, but it depends on a reliable supply of appropriately processed waste and on whether the fuel meets the kiln’s operating and quality requirements.
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More output can offset per-tonne gains
Lower emissions intensity is not the same as lower total emissions. If production grows substantially, total emissions can remain high even as each tonne of cement becomes less carbon-intensive. This is why a net-zero pathway has to address the production process as well as the scale and composition of demand.
Which measures address which emissions?
NITI Aayog assessed 22 recommendations and prioritised three areas: RDF, supplementary cementitious materials and other clinker substitutes, and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). Cleaner electricity and energy efficiency also matter, but they address different parts of the emissions profile.
| Measure | Main emissions source addressed | Practical requirements and limits |
|---|---|---|
| Clinker substitutes and blended cement | Reduces the quantity of clinker needed per tonne of cement, lowering associated process emissions and kiln energy demand. | Suitable materials must be available and meet relevant standards and performance needs; the appropriate blend depends on the product and its application. |
| RDF in kilns | Displaces some coal or petcoke used to provide process heat. | Requires consistent supply, transport, preprocessing, kiln-feeding equipment and quality control. Not all municipal waste is suitable fuel. |
| Renewable electricity and efficiency | Reduces electricity-related emissions and energy use. | Addresses power-related emissions, not the CO₂ released by limestone calcination. |
| CCUS | Targets CO₂ that remains, including process emissions from calcination. | Requires capture technology plus transport and a viable storage or utilisation route; NITI Aayog identifies it as a high-cost lever in its modelling. |
NITI Aayog estimates that the three prioritised areas together could reduce sector greenhouse gas emissions by 80–85% by 2070. That is a prospective estimate in the roadmap, not a measured reduction. Delivery depends on materials, infrastructure, finance and policy as well as technology.
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Can clinker be replaced in cement?
Clinker can be partly replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) and other mineral components to make blended cement. The goal is to use less clinker for a given amount of cement while still meeting the product’s performance requirements. The right blend is not universal: material properties, the applicable standards, the intended use and local availability all matter.
NITI Aayog reports India’s clinker-to-cement ratio at about 67.5%, below the 77% global average in the data it cites. It also cites an International Energy Agency estimate that displacing one tonne of clinker can save about 3.7 GJ of energy and avoid 0.83 tonnes of CO₂. Those figures describe clinker displacement; they do not mean that every blended cement product has the same footprint or delivers identical savings on every project.
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) is one familiar blended-cement product type. For a construction project, check the specific product’s conformity with applicable standards, its suitability for the intended application and any product-specific environmental documentation. A cement’s name alone does not establish its carbon footprint or its performance in a particular use.
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What would it take to use more refuse-derived fuel?
RDF is made from the combustible fraction of solid waste and can replace part of the fossil fuel burned in a cement kiln. Its potential depends on producing a fuel that is consistent enough for plant operators to use safely and reliably. The roadmap identifies needs across the supply chain, including dependable sourcing and transport, preprocessing, kiln-feeding equipment, and checks on calorific value, moisture, ash and other fuel characteristics.
NITI Aayog estimates that reaching a 20% thermal substitution rate by 2030 could yield cumulative reductions of about 80 MtCO₂e compared with business as usual. This is a conditional estimate, not a guarantee that every plant can reach that rate or that the reduction has already occurred. RDF must be tested and handled under controlled conditions; burning it does not make cement carbon-free.
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Can carbon capture address the emissions that remain?
CCUS could capture CO₂ that is difficult to eliminate through fuel switching, cleaner electricity or clinker reduction. Capturing the gas is only one part of the chain: it also needs transport and a safe, durable storage destination or a viable use. Those systems have to be developed alongside capture technology.
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In NITI Aayog’s 2070 scenario, CCUS is assumed to abate up to approximately 90% of process emissions. The roadmap describes commercial-scale deployment and transport and storage infrastructure as enabling needs, and identifies CCUS as a high-cost lever. The scenario assumption should not be read as evidence that these capabilities are already operating across India’s cement sector.
There is also early-stage development activity. In May 2025, India’s Department of Science and Technology announced five CCU testbeds for the cement sector, organised through academia–industry collaboration and a public–private funding model. They are testbeds for translational research and development, not proof of commercial, sector-wide carbon capture.
What do India’s roadmaps say—and how do they differ?
NITI Aayog’s government roadmap, published in January 2026, sets out the baseline, scenarios and priority interventions described above. It also points to India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, notified in 2023, as a mechanism intended to create incentives for emissions reduction. The government’s January 2026 summary lists effective implementation of the scheme alongside RDF, clinker substitution and CCUS. These materials do not establish current company-specific obligations or benchmark values, so they are not a basis for compliance advice.
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Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFree Scan →Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesFind Drivers →A separate roadmap, Decarbonisation Roadmap for the Indian Cement Industry: Net zero CO₂ emissions by 2070, was launched by GCCA India and TERI on March 26, 2025. Its release describes a 2047 interim target and calls for government policy support and financial incentives. It is an industry roadmap with its own assumptions, distinct from NITI Aayog’s later government roadmap; their pathway figures should not be combined as if they came from a single model.
At the launch, Parth Jindal, Managing Director of JSW Cement Limited and Chair of GCCA India, said: “As we stand at the intersection of climate action and industrial innovation, the decarbonisation of the cement industry is both a responsibility and an opportunity.”
What will determine whether the pathway is achievable?
The main challenge is coordinating technologies and systems that solve different parts of the problem. Lower-clinker cement needs suitable materials and standards; RDF needs a dependable waste-to-fuel chain; CCUS needs high-cost capture equipment and transport and storage or utilisation routes. Cleaner electricity and efficiency reduce energy-related emissions, but leave the calcination challenge in place.
Quick Recap
- Material supply: SCMs and other suitable substitutes must be available in the right quantities and quality for cement production.
- Waste systems: RDF depends on collection, sorting, preprocessing and transport, as well as fuel quality control and kiln readiness.
- Infrastructure and investment: CCUS needs more than a capture unit, while each intervention requires financing and enabling policy.
- Product suitability: Cement blends must meet relevant standards and the requirements of their intended construction applications.
- Demand and total output: Per-tonne improvements must be judged alongside total production, particularly under a pathway that models major growth.
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