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What “poisonous” can mean
Plant exposure can cause harm after swallowing a plant or through skin contact. Effects range from irritation to severe illness or death, and different parts of the same plant may carry different hazards. A common name or photograph alone may not be enough to identify a plant safely. Poison Control’s illustrated plant list, accessed October 4, 2026, offers examples and guidance, not a comprehensive local inventory or a severity ranking.
Selected examples of plant hazards
These examples illustrate different exposure routes. They are not a definitive list of eighteen plants, and they should not be read as a ranking.
| Plant or group | Exposure concern described by the sources | Important limit |
|---|---|---|
| Poison ivy | Skin exposure to urushiol, which can trigger an allergic skin reaction. | CDC/NIOSH identifies it as a common cause of allergic skin reactions; a photograph or common name is not a safe substitute for expert identification. |
| Poison oak | Skin exposure to urushiol, which can trigger an allergic skin reaction. | CDC/NIOSH identifies it as a common cause of allergic skin reactions; this is not an ingestion-risk ranking. |
| Poison sumac | Skin exposure to urushiol, which can trigger an allergic skin reaction. | CDC/NIOSH identifies it as a common cause of allergic skin reactions; confirm identification rather than relying on a general description. |
| Castor bean | Included by Poison Control among examples associated with ingestion hazards. | The cited material does not establish a comparative severity rank or a complete account of harmful parts. |
| Foxglove | Included by Poison Control among examples associated with ingestion hazards. | The cited material does not establish a comparative severity rank or a complete account of harmful parts. |
| Deadly nightshade | Included by Poison Control among examples associated with ingestion hazards. | The cited material does not establish a comparative severity rank or a complete account of harmful parts. |
How poison ivy, oak, and sumac can cause exposure
Urushiol oil can reach skin through direct contact with a plant, transfer from contaminated tools, clothing, or other objects, and smoke or particles released when these plants burn. CDC/NIOSH lists rash, bumps or blisters, swelling, and itching as possible contact symptoms. It reports that exposure to less than a grain of salt of urushiol causes a rash in 80–90% of adults; that figure applies to urushiol skin exposure, not to all poisonous plants or all kinds of exposure.
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Do not burn plants that may contain urushiol. CDC/NIOSH warns: “Burning these poisonous plants can be very dangerous because the allergens can irritate lungs.”
If a person may have eaten a plant
- Contact Poison Control promptly rather than trying to identify a treatment or induce vomiting at home. In the United States, use webPOISONCONTROL or call 1-800-222-1222.
- If possible, keep a sample or photograph available for identification, but do not delay contacting Poison Control to gather it.
- Follow the specialist’s instructions. Plant parts differ in toxicity, and a guess based on a common name or image can be unsafe.
If a pet may have eaten a plant
- Contact your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435 for suspected ingestion.
- Note which plant part the animal ate, as FDA pet guidance recommends, and share the plant’s identity or a clear photo if available.
- Use an animal-specific expert resource: a list about animal toxicity does not establish human risk, and a general list cannot establish safety for every animal.
The ASPCA’s searchable Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants list is intended for animal effects, is not all-inclusive, and advises checking the specific plant identity. It should not be treated as a human toxicity ranking.
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Why a list of eighteen cannot be treated as a safety ranking
The sources cited here provide selected examples and practical guidance, not a standardized “top 18.” They do not establish the publisher’s intended eighteen plants, a common severity scale, or complete coverage for every region. A useful plant entry needs a reliably confirmed identity and separately supported information about harmful parts, exposure route, affected species, effects, and response. Without that, adding more names can create false confidence.
The FDA Poisonous Plant Database is decommissioned; FDA says it primarily covered scientific literature through about 2007. It should not be used as a current, comprehensive plant-safety database.
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